DevOps

Introduction to DevOps 


By this DevOps Interview Questions and answers, many students are placed in many reputed  companies with high package salaries. So, utilize our DevOps Interview Questions and answers to grow in  your career. 

By the name DevOps, it’s very clear that it’s a collaboration of Development as well as Operations. But one  should know that DevOps is not a tool, or software or framework, DevOps is a Combination of Tools which  helps for the automation of the whole infrastructure. DevOps is basically an implementation of Agile methodology on the Development side as well as Operations  side. 

To fulfill the need of delivering more and faster and better applications to meet more and more demands of  users, we need DevOps. DevOps helps deployment to happen really fast compared to any other traditional  tools. 

The key aspects or principle behind DevOps is: 

  • Infrastructure as a Code 
  • Continuous Integration 
  • Continuous Deployment 
  • Automation 
  • Continuous Monitoring 
  • Security 
  • Git 
  • Jenkins 
  • Ansible 
  • Puppet 
  • Nagios 
  • Docker 
  • ELK (Elasticsearch, Logstash, Kibana) 

Version Control System (VCS) is a software that helps software developers to work together and maintain a  complete history of their work. 

  • Allow developers to work simultaneously 
  • Does not allow overwriting on each other’s changes. 
  • Maintain the history of every version. 

There are two types of Version Control Systems: 

  1. Central Version Control System, Ex: Git, Bitbucket 
  2. Distributed/Decentralized Version Control System, Ex: SVN

Git is a source code management (SCM) tool which handles small as well as large projects with efficiency. It  is basically used to store our repositories in remote server such as GitHub. 

GIT 

SVN

Git is a Decentralized Version Control  Tool

SVN is a Centralized Version Control  Tool

Git contains the local repo as well as the  full history of the whole project on all the  developers hard drives, so if there is a  server outage, you can easily do recovery  from your teammates local git repo.

SVN relies only on the central server to  store all the versions of the project file

Push and pull operations are fast 

Push and pull operations are slower  compared to Git

It belongs to 3rd generation Version  Control Tool

It belongs to 2nd generation Version  Control tools

Client nodes can share the entire  repositories on their local system

Version history is stored on server-side  repository

Commits can be done offline too 

Commits can be done only online

Work are shared automatically by commit 

Nothing is shared automatically



Git is written in C language, and since its written in C language its very fast and reduces the overhead of  runtimes. 

SubGit is a tool for migrating SVN to Git. It creates a writable Git mirror of a local or remote Subversion  repository and uses both Subversion and Git if you like. 

First, we must enter the email and user name for your Jenkins system, then switch into your job directory and execute the “git config” command. 

ontent

  • Agentless, it doesn’t require any extra package/daemons to be installed 
  • Very low overhead
  • Good performance 
  • Idempotent 
  • Very Easy to learn 
  • Declarative not procedural 

Ansible is mainly used in IT infrastructure to manage or deploy applications to remote nodes. Let’s say we  want to deploy one application in 100’s of nodes by just executing one command, then Ansible is the one  actually coming into the picture but should have some knowledge on Ansible script to understand or execute  the same. 

Roles 

Playbooks

Roles are reusable subsets of a play. 

Playbooks contain Plays.

A set of tasks for accomplishing a certain  role.

Mapps among hosts and roles.

Example: common, web servers. 

Example: site.yml, fooservers.yml,  webservers.yml.



Ansible by default gathers “facts” about the machines, and these facts can be accessed in Playbooks and in  templates. To see a list of all the facts that are available about a machine, you can run the “setup” module as  an ad-hoc action: 

Ansible -m setup hostname 

This will print out a dictionary of all the facts that are available for that particular host.

Docker is a containerization technology that packages your application and all its dependencies together in  the form of Containers to ensure that your application works seamlessly in any environment. 

Docker image is the source of Docker container. Or in other words, Docker images are used to create  containers

Docker Container is the running instance of Docker Image. 

Of Course, we can!! The only difference between agile methodology and DevOps is that, agile methodology  is implemented only for the development section and DevOps implements agility on both development as well  as operations section. 

  1. Data redundancy and replication 
  2. High availability 
  3. Only one. git directory per repository 
  4. Superior disk utilization and network performance 
  5. Collaboration friendly 
  6. Git can use any sort of projects. 

A kernel is the lowest level of easily replaceable software that interfaces with the hardware in your  computer.

I ignore alphabet difference V accept this value ex) ls | grep -i docker 

Dockerfile docker.tar.gz 

ls | grep -v docker Desktop Dockerfile Documents Downloads 

You can’t see anything with name docker.tar.gz 

This feature is generally used to give the swap space to the server. Let’s say in below machine I have to create  swap space of 1GB then, 

dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile1 bs=1G count=1 

Sudo (superuser do) is a utility for UNIX- and Linux-based systems that provides an efficient way to give  specific users permission to use specific system commands at the root (most powerful) level of the system. 

Jenkins Pipeline (or simply “Pipeline”) is a suite of plugins which supports implementing and integrating continuous delivery pipelines into Jenkins. 

To stop the container: docker stop container ID 

Now to restart the Docker container: docker restart container ID 

Docker runs on only Linux and Cloud platforms: 

  • Ubuntu 12.04 LTS 
  • Fedora 20+ 
  • RHEL 6.5+
    • CentOS 6+ 
    • Gentoo 
    • ArchLinux 
    • openSUSE 12.3+ 
    • CRUX 3.0+ 

    Cloud: 

    • Amazon EC2 
    • Google Compute Engine 
    • Microsoft Azure 
    • Rackspace 

    Note that Docker does not run on Windows or Mac for production as there is no support, yes you can use it  for testing purpose even in windows 

For docker networking we generally use kubernetes and docker swarm. 

Let’s say you want to run multiple docker containers, at that time you have to create the docker-compose file  and type the command docker-compose up. It will run all the containers mentioned in docker compose file. 

Scrum is basically used to divide your complex software and product development task into smaller chunks,  using iterations and incremental practices. Each iteration is of two weeks. Scrum consists of three roles:  Product owner, scrum master and Team 

Commit object contain the following components: 

It contains a set of files, representing the state of a project at a given point of time reference to parent  commit objects 

An SHAI name, a 40-character string that uniquely identifies the commit object (also called as hash). 

Git pull command basically pulls any new changes or commits from a branch from your central repository  and updates your target branch in your local repository. Git fetch is also used for the same purpose, but it’s slightly different from Git pull. When you trigger a git  fetch, it pulls all new commits from the desired branch and stores it in a new branch in your local repository.  If we want to reflect these changes in your target branch, git fetch must be followed with a git merge. Our  target branch will only be updated after merging the target branch and fetched branch. Just to make it easy  for us, remember the equation below: 

Git pull = git fetch + git merge

git branch –merged 

The above command lists the branches that have been merged into the current branch. git branch –no merged This command lists the branches that have not been merged. 

Before committing a file, it must be formatted and reviewed in an intermediate area known as ‘Staging Area’  or ‘Indexing Area’. 

#git add <file_name> 

Let’s say you’ve been working on part of your project, things are in a messy state and you want to switch  branches for some time to work on something else. The problem is, you don’t want to commit your  half-done work just, so you can get back to this point later. The answer to this issue is Git stash. 

Git Stashing takes your working directory, that is, your modified tracked files and staged changes and saves it  on a stack of unfinished changes that you can reapply at any time. 

Git ‘stash drop’ command is basically used to remove the stashed item. It will basically remove the last 

added stash item by default, and it can also remove a specific item if you include it as an argument. I have  provided an example below: 

If you want to remove any particular stash item from the list of stashed items you can use the below  commands: 

git stash list: It will display the list of stashed items as follows: 

stash@{0}: WIP on master: 049d080 added the index file stash@{1}: WIP on master: c265351 Revert “added  files” stash@{2}: WIP on master: 13d80a5 added number to log 

Git uses our username to associate commits with an identity. The git config command can be used to change  our Git configuration, including your username. 

Suppose you want to give a username and email id to associate a commit with an identity so that you can  know who has made a commit. For that I will use: 

git config –global user.name “Your Name”: This command will add your username. git config –global user.email “Your E-mail Address”: This command will add your email id.

To create a repository, you must create a directory for the project if it does not exist, then run the command “git init”. By running this command the .git directory will be created inside the project directory.

Generally, they ask this question to understand your branching knowledge Feature branching 

This model keeps all the changes for a feature inside of a branch. When the feature branch is fully tested and  validated by automated tests, the branch is then merged into master. 

Task branching In this task branching model each task is implemented on its own branch with the task key included in the  branch name. It is quite easy to see which code implements which task, just look for the task key in the  branch name. 

Release branching 

Once the develop branch has acquired enough features for a release, then we can clone that branch to form  a Release branch. Creating this release branch starts the next release cycle, so no new features can be added  after this point, only bug fixes, documentation generation, and other release-oriented tasks should go in this  branch. Once it’s ready to ship, the release gets merged into master and then tagged with a version number.  In addition, it should be merged back into the develop branch, which may have progressed since the release was  initiated earlier. 

Jenkins is an open source continuous integration tool which is written in Java language. It keeps a track on the version control system and to initiate and monitor a build system if any changes occur. It monitors the whole  process and provides reports and notifications to alert the concern team. 

Maven and Ant are Build Technologies whereas Jenkins is a continuous integration(CI/CD) tool.

When multiple developers or teams are working on different segments of the same web application, we need to  perform integration tests by integrating all the modules. To do that an automated process for each piece of  code is performed on daily bases so that all your code gets tested. And this whole process is termed as  continuous integration. 

Hudson was the earlier name of current Jenkins. After some issue faced, the project name was changed from  Hudson to Jenkins. 

Advantage of using Jenkins 

  • Bug tracking is easy at an early stage in development environment. 
  • Provides a very large number of plugin support. 
  • Iterative improvement to the code, code is basically divided into small sprints. • Build failures are cached at integration stage. 
  • For each code commit change an automatic build report notification get generated.
  • To notify developers about build report success or failure, it can be integrated with LDAP mail server. • Achieves continuous integration agile development and test-driven development environment. • With simple steps, maven release projects can also be automated. 
  •  

Source code management tools supported by Jenkins are below: 

  • AccuRev 
  • CVS 
  • Subversion 
  • Git 
  • Mercurial 
  • Perforce 
  • Clearcase 
  • RTC 

Ansible is a software configuration management tool to deploy an application using ssh without any  downtime. It is also used for management and configuration of software applications. Ansible is developed  in Python language. 

Steps to set up Jenkins job as follows: 

Select a new item from the menu. 

After that enter a name for the job (it can be anything) and select a free-style job. 

Then click OK to create a new job in Jenkins dashboard. 

The next page enables you to configure your job, and it’s done. 

Toggle Co

  • Working on JIRA Tickets 
  • Builds and Deployments 
  • Resolving issues when builds and deployments fails by coordinating and collaborating with the dev  team 
  • Infrastructure maintenance 
  • Monitoring health of applications 

I need to implement trending technologies like Docker to automate the configuration management activities  in my project by showing POC.

I used to get most of the time out of memory issues. So I fixed this issue by restarting the server which is not  best practice. I did the permanent fix by increasing the PermGen Space and Heap Space. 

find / -type f -name “*GangBoard*” 

Q53) Write a shell script to print only prime numbers? 

Scriptname.sh parameter1 parameter2 I will use $* to get the parameters. 

Default file permissions are : rw-r—r— 

If I want to change the default file permissions I need to use umask command ex: umask 666 

There are some steps to follow. 

  • Create a checklist 
  • Create a release branch 
  • Bump the version 
  • Merge release branch to master & tag it. 
  • Use a Pull request to merge the release merge 
  • Deploy master to Prod Environment 
  • Merge back into develop & delete release branch 
  • Change log generation 
  • Communicating with stakeholders 
  • Grooming the issue tracker 
  • Check out a set of source code files. 
  • Compile the code and report on progress along the way. 
  • Run automated unit tests against successful compilers. 
  • Create an installer. 
  • Publish the installer to a download site, and notify teams that the installer is available. • Run the installer to create an installed executable. 
  • Run automated tests against the executable. 
  • Report the results of the tests. 
  • Launch a subordinate project to update standard libraries. 
  • Promote executables and other files to QA for further testing. 
  • Deploy finished releases to production environments, such as Web servers or CD manufacturing. The above process will be done by Jenkins by creating the jobs. 

In Jenkins there is a plugin called build after other projects build. We can provide job names over there and If  one parent job runs then it will automatically run all other jobs. Or we can use Pipeline jobs. 

I have to manage Jenkins and then global tool configurations. There you have to provide all  the details such as Git URL , Java version, Maven version , Path etc. 

The steps are: 

  • Open up a terminal window. 
  • Download the jenkinsci/blueocean image & run it as a container in Docker using the following docker  run command:( https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/run/) 
  • docker run \ -u root \ –rm \ -d \ -p 8080:8080 \ -p 50000:50000 \ -v jenkins- data:/var/jenkins_home  \ -v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock \ jenkinsci/blueocean 
  • Proceed to the Post-installation setup wizard (https://jenkins.io/doc/book/installing/#setup- wizard) • Accessing the Jenkins/Blue Ocean Docker container docker exec -it jenkins-blueocean bash 
  • Accessing the Jenkins console log through Docker logsdocker logs <docker-container name>Accessing the Jenkins home directory docker exec -it <docker-container-name> bash 

Yes I have participated, we need to follow the following steps in my point of view 

  • Preparation & Planning : What kind of system/technology was supposed to run on what kind of  machine
  • The specifications regarding the clustering of systems 
  • How all these stand-alone boxes were going to talk to each other in a foolproof manner • Production setup should be documented to bits. It needs to be neat, foolproof, and understandable. 
  • It should have all the system configurations, IP addresses, system specifications, & installation  instructions. 
  • It needs to be updated as & when any change is made to the production environment of the system
  •  

We need to follow the steps 

  • Network connection 
  • The Web Server is not receiving user’s request 
  • Checking the logs 
  • Checking the process ids whether services are running or not 
  • The Application Server is not receiving user’s request(Check the Application Server Logs and Processes) 
  • A network level ‘connection reset’ is happening somewhere. 

Yes I have automated couple of things such as 

  • Password expiry automation 
  • Deleting the older log files 
  • Code quality threshold violations etc.

Infrastructure as Code (IaC) is the management of infrastructure (networks, virtual machines, load balancers,  and connection topology) in a descriptive model, using the same versioning as the DevOps team uses for source  code. This will be achieved by using the tools such as Chef, Puppet and Ansible etc. 

Multi Factor authentication (MFA) is a security system that requires more than one method of authentication  from independent categories of credentials to verify the user’s identity for a login or other transaction. 

  • Security for every enterprise user — end & privileged users, internal and external 
  • Protect across enterprise resources — cloud & on-prem apps, VPNs, endpoints, servers, privilege  elevation and more 
  • Reduce cost & complexity with an integrated identity platform

Create two S3 buckets, one to use as the source, and the other to use as the destination and then create  policies. 

I have to use the following command and enter the required message. Git commit –amend

First I will check the Slave nodes capacity. If it is fully loaded then I will add the slave node by doing the  following process. 

Go to the Jenkins dashboard -> Manage Jenkins ->Manage Nodes Create the new node By giving the all required fields and launch the slave machine as you want. 

Pros: 

  1. Open Source 
  2. Agent less 
  3. Improved efficiency , reduce cost 
  4. Less Maintenance 
  5. Easy to understand yaml files Cons: 
  6. Underdeveloped GUI with limited features 
  7. Increased focus on orchestration over configuration management 
  8. SSH communication slows down in scaled environments 

Follow the steps 

  1. Create Pull request 
  2. Modify according to the requirement by sitting with developers 
  3. Commit the correct file to the branch 
  4. Merge the current branch with the master branch. 

There is a command in unix to achieve this task find <directory_path> -mtime +10 -name “*.log” -exec rm -f {} \; 2>/dev/null

We need to use the following command 

Ansible – m debug- a “var=hostvars[‘hostname’]” localhost(10.92.62.215) 

Copy JENKINS_HOME directory and “jobs” directory to replicate it in another server

Amazon provides the service called Amazon Elastic Container Service; By using this creating and configuring  the task definition and services we will launch the applications. 

Go to the tomcat folder and navigate to the conf folder there you will find a server.xml file. You can change the connector port tag as you want. 

We can install Jenkins in 3 Ways 

  • By downloading Jenkins archive file 
  • By running as a service Java –jar Jenkins.war 
  • By deploying Jenkins.war to the webapps folder in tomcat. 

We have a Jenkins CLI from there we need to use the curl command 

curl -X POST -u YOUR_USER:YOUR_USER_PASSWORD http://YOUR_JENKINS_URL/job/YOUR_JOB/build

We have following command to create tags in git Git tag v0.1 

We need to use a following command 

docker run -itd –network=multi-host-network busybox 

  • Create a deployment environment 
  • Get a copy of the sample code 
  • Create your pipeline 
  • Activate your pipeline 
  • Commit a change and update the App. 

Using hostvars method we can access and add the variables like below

{{ hostvars[inventory_hostname][‘ansible_’ + which_interface][‘ipv4’][‘address’] }}

Where the Configuration of any servers or tool chain or application stack required for an association can be  made into progressively elucidating dimension of code and that can be utilized for provisioning and  overseeing foundation components like Virtual Machine, Software, Network Elements, however it varies  from contents utilizing any language, where they are a progression of static advances coded, where Version  control can be utilized so as to follow condition changes . Precedent Tools are Ansible, Terraform. 

Precedent Tools are Ansible, Terraform. 

A clearly fundamental region of Version Control is Source code the executives, Where each engineer code  ought to be pushed to a typical storehouse for keeping up assemble and discharge in CI/CD pipelines. 

Another territory can be Version control For Administrators when they use Infrastructure as A Code (IAC)  apparatuses and rehearses for keeping up The Environment setup. 

Another Area of Version Control framework Can be Artifactory Management Using Repositories like Nexus  and DockerHub 

Open Source devices dominatingly utilized by any association which is adjusting (or) embraced DevOps  pipelines in light of the fact that devops accompanied an attention on robotization in different parts of  association manufacture and discharge and change the executives and furthermore framework the board  zones. 

So creating or utilizing a solitary apparatus is unthinkable and furthermore everything is fundamentally an  experimentation period of advancement and furthermore coordinated chops down the advantage of 

building up a solitary device , so open source devices were accessible, practically spares each reason  and furthermore gives association a choice to assess the device depending on their need. 

Ansible is Agentless design the board device, where manikin or gourmet expert needs operator should be  kept running on the specialist hub and culinary specialist or manikin depends on draw demonstrate, where  your cookbook or show for gourmet expert and manikin separately from the ace will be pulled by the  operator and ansible uses ssh to convey and it gives information driven guidelines to the hubs should be  overseen , progressively like RPC execution, ansible utilizations YAML scripting, though manikin (or) culinary  specialist is worked by ruby uses their own DSL . 

Jinja2 templating is the Python standard for templating , consider it like a sed editorial manager for Ansible ,  where it very well may be utilized is when there is a requirement for dynamic change of any config record to  any application like consider mapping a MySQL application to the IP address of the machine, where it is  running, it can’t be static , it needs modifying it progressively at runtime. The vars inside the supports are supplanted by ansible while running utilizing layout modules.

Arranging playbooks as jobs , gives greater clarity and reusability to any plays , while consider an errand  where MySQL establishment ought to be done after the evacuation of Oracle DB , and another prerequisite  is expected to introduce MySQL after java establishment, in the two cases we have to introduce MySQL , yet  without jobs need to compose playbooks independently for both use cases , yet utilizing jobs once the  MySQL establishment job is made can be used any number of times by summoning utilizing rationale in  site.yaml . 

No, it isn’t important to make jobs for each situation, however making jobs is the best practice in Ansible.

As the lifetime of any compartments is while pursuing a holder is wrecked you can’t recover any information  inside a compartment, the information inside a compartment is lost perpetually, however tenacious capacity  for information inside compartments should be possible utilizing volumes mount to an outer source like host  machine and any NFS drivers. 

Docker motor contacts the docker daemon inside the machine and makes the runtime condition and  procedure for any compartment, docker make connects a few holders to shape as a stack utilized in making  application stacks like LAMP, WAMP, XAMPP 

Docker holder can be kept running in two modes 

Connected: Where it will be kept running in the forefront of the framework you are running, gives a terminal  inside to the compartment when – t choice is utilized with it, where each log will be diverted to stdout screen. 

Isolates: This mode is typically kept running underway, where the holder is confined as a foundation  procedure and each yield inside a compartment will be diverted log records  

inside/var/lib/docker/logs/<container-id>/<container-id.json> and which can be seen by docker logs order.

Docker examines <container-id> will give yield in JSON position, which contains subtleties like the IP address  of the compartment inside the docker virtual scaffold and volume mount data and each other data identified  with host (or) holder explicitly like the basic document driver utilized, log driver utilized. docker investigate  [OPTIONS] NAME|ID [NAME|ID…] Choices 

  • Name, shorthand Default Description 
  • group, – f Format the yield utilizing the given Go layout 
  • measure, – s Display all out document sizes if the sort is the compartment 
  • type Return JSON for a predefined type 

Docker details order can be utilized to check the asset usage of any docker holder, it gives the yield  practically equivalent to Top direction in Linux, it shapes the base for compartment asset observing  instruments like a counsel, which gets yield from docker details order. 

docker details [OPTIONS] [CONTAINER…] Choices Name, shorthand Default Description

  • all, – a Show all holders (default demonstrates simply running) 
  • group Pretty-print pictures utilizing a Go layout 
  • no-stream Disable spilling details and just draw the main outcome 
  • no-trunc Do not truncate yield 

In ansible, there is a module called delegate_to, in this module area give the specific host (or) has where  your errands (or) assignment should be run. 

undertakings: 

name: ” Elasticsearch Hitting” 

uri: url=’_search?q=status:new’ headers='{“Content-type”:”application/json”}’ method=GET return_content=yes register: yield delegate_to: 127.0.0.1 

Where a set_fact sets the incentive for a factor at one time and stays static, despite the fact that the esteem  is very powerful and vars continue changing according to the esteem continues changing for the variable. 

assignments: 

set_fact: 

fact_time: “Truth: ” troubleshoot: var=fact_time order: rest 2 

troubleshoot: var=fact_time assignments: 

name: queries in factors versus queries in realities has: localhost 

vars: 

var_time: “Var: ” 

Despite the fact that the query for the date has been utilized in both the cases, wherein the vars are 

utilized it modifies dependent on an opportunity to time each time executed inside the playbook lifetime. Be  that as it may, Fact dependably continues as before once query is finished 

Query modules enable access to information in Ansible from outside sources. These modules are assessed  on the Ansible control machine and can incorporate perusing the filesystem yet in addition reaching outside  information stores and administrations. 

Organization is {lookup{‘<plugin>’,'<source(or)connection_string>’}} 

A portion of the query modules upheld by ansible are Document 

pipe redis 

jinja layouts etcd kv store

The direction docker RMI <image-id> can be utilized to erase the docker picture from nearby machine,  though a few pictures may should be constrained in light of the fact that the picture might be utilized by  some other holder (or) another picture , to erase pictures you can utilize the mix of directions by docker RMI  $(docker pictures – q), where docker pictures will give the docker picture names, to get just the ID of docker  pictures just , we are utilizing – q switch with docker pictures order. 

JENKINS_HOME – which will be/$JENKINS_USER/.jenkins it is the root envelope of any Jenkins establishment  and it contains subfolders each for various purposes. 

employment/ – Folder contains all the data for pretty much every one of the occupations arranged in the  Jenkins example. 

Inside employment/, you will have the envelope made for each activity and inside those organizers, you will  have fabricate organizers as indicated by each form number each form will have its log records, which we  see in Jenkins web support. 

Modules/ – where all your modules will be recorded. 

Workspace/ – this will be available to hold all the workspace documents like your source code pulled from  SCM. 

Jenkins can be designed in two different ways 

Web: Where there is a choice called design a framework, in their area, you can make all setup changes.  Manual on filesystem: Where each change should likewise be possible straightforwardly on the Jenkins  config.xml document under the Jenkins establishment catalog, after you make changes on the filesystem,  you have to restart your Jenkins, either can do it specifically from terminal (or) you can utilize Reload setup  from plate under oversee Jenkins menu or you can hit/restart endpoint straightforwardly. 

As DevOps is absolutely centers around Automating your framework and gives changes over the pipeline to  various stages like an every CI/CD pipeline will have stages like form, test, mental soundness test, UAT,  Deployment to Prod condition similarly as with each phase there are diverse devices is utilized and  distinctive innovation stack is displayed and there should be an approach to incorporate with various  instrument for finishing an arrangement toolchain, there comes a requirement for HTTP API , where each  apparatus speaks with various devices utilizing API , and even client can likewise utilize SDK to interface with  various devices like BOTOX for Python to contact AWS API’s for robotization dependent on occasions 

, these days its not cluster handling any longer , it is generally occasion driven pipelines

Where In conventional engineering , each application is stone monument application implies that anything is  created by a gathering of designers, where it has been sent as a solitary application in numerous machines  and presented to external world utilizing load balances, where the micro services implies separating your  application into little pieces, where each piece serves the distinctive capacities expected to finish a solitary 

exchange and by separating , designers can likewise be shaped to gatherings and each bit of utilization may  pursue diverse rules for proficient advancement stage, as a result of spry improvement ought to be staged  up a bit and each administration utilizes REST API (or) Message lines to convey between another  administration. 

So manufacture and arrival of a non-strong form may not influence the entire design, rather, some usefulness is lost, that gives the confirmation to productive and quicker CI/CD pipelines and DevOps

There are two different ways of a pipeline can be made in Jenkins Scripted Pipelines: Progressively like a programming approach Explanatory pipelines: 

DSL approach explicitly to make Jenkins pipelines. 

The pipeline ought to be made in Jenkins document and the area can either be in SCM or a nearby framework. 

Definitive and Scripted Pipelines are developed on a very basic level in an unexpected way. Definitive  Pipeline is a later element of Jenkins Pipeline which: 

gives more extravagant grammatical highlights over Scripted Pipeline language structure, and is intended to make composing and perusing Pipeline code less demanding. 

Similarly as with CI/CD arrangement should be concentrated , where each application in the association can  be worked by a solitary CI/CD server , so in association there might be various types of utilization like java,  c#,.NET and so forth, likewise with microservices approach your programming stack is inexactly coupled for  the task , so you can have Labeled in every hub and select the choice Only assembled employments while  name coordinating this hub, so when a manufacturer is planned with the mark of the hub present in it, it  hangs tight for next agent in that hub to be accessible, despite the fact that there are different agents in hubs. 

Blue Ocean reconsiders the client experience of Jenkins. Planned from the beginning for Jenkins Pipeline, yet  at the same time good with free-form occupations, Blue Ocean diminishes mess and builds lucidity for each  individual from the group. 

It gives a complex UI to recognize each phase of the pipeline and better pinpointing for issues and an extremely  rich Pipeline editorial manager for apprentices. 

Callback modules empower adding new practices to Ansible when reacting to occasions. Of course, callback  modules control a large portion of the yield you see when running the direction line programs, 

however can likewise be utilized to include an extra yield, coordinate with different apparatuses and  marshall the occasions to a capacity backend. So at whatever point a play is executed and after it creates a  few occasions, those occasions are imprinted onto the Stdout screen, so the callback module can be put into any  capacity backend for log preparation.

Model callback modules are ansible-logstash, where each playbook execution is brought by logstash in the  JSON group and can be incorporated in some other backend source like elasticsearch. 

As with scripting dialects, the fundamental shell scripting is utilized to construct ventures in Jenkins pipelines  and python contents can be utilized with some other devices like Ansible , terraform as a wrapper content  for some other complex choice unraveling undertakings in any mechanization as python is more unrivaled in  complex rational deduction than shell contents and ruby contents can likewise be utilized as fabricate  ventures in Jenkins. 

DevOps draws out each association capacity of fabricate and discharge cycle to be a lot shorter with an idea  of CI/CD, where each change is reflected into generation conditions fastly, so it should be firmly observed to  get client input. So the idea of constant checking has been utilized to assess every application execution  progressively (at any rate Near Real Time) , where every application is produced with application execution  screen specialists perfect and the granular dimension of measurements are taken out like JVM details and  even practical savvy measurements inside the application can likewise be spilled out progressively to Agents  , which thusly provides for any backend stockpiling and that can be utilized by observing groups in  dashboards and cautions to get persistently screen the application.

Where numerous persistent observing instruments are accessible in the market, where utilized for an  alternate sort of use and sending model Docker compartments can be checked by consultant operator, which can be utilized by Elasticsearch to store  measurements (or) you can utilize TICK stack (Telegraph, influxdb, Chronograph, Capacitor) for each  framework observing in NRT(Near Real Time) and You can utilize Logstash (or) Beats to gather Logs from  framework , which thusly can utilize Elasticsearch as Storage Backend can utilize Kibana (or) Grafana as  visualizer. The framework observing should be possible by Nagios and Icinga. 

Gathering of Virtual machines with Docker Engine can be grouped and kept up as a solitary framework and  the assets likewise being shared by the compartments and docker swarm ace calendars the docker holder in  any of the machines under the bunch as indicated by asset accessibility Docker swarm init can be utilized to start docker swarm bunch and docker swarm joins with the ace IP from  customer joins the hub into the swarm group. 

Where In conventional engineering , each application is stone monument application implies that anything is  created by a gathering of designers, where it has been conveyed as a solitary application in numerous  machines and presented to external world utilizing load balancers, where the microservices implies  separating your application into little pieces, where each piece serves the diverse capacities expected to  finish a solitary exchange and by separating , engineers can likewise be shaped to gatherings and each bit of  utilization may pursue distinctive rules for proficient

So manufacture and arrival of a non-hearty variant may not influence the entire design, rather, some usefulness  is lost, that gives the affirmation to proficient and quicker CI/CD pipelines and DevOps Practices. 

advancement stage, on account of light-footed  improvement ought to be staged up a bit and each administration utilizes REST API (or) Message lines to  impart between another administration.

There are two different ways of a pipeline can be made in Jenkins Scripted Pipelines: Progressively like a programming approach Explanatory pipelines: 

DSL approach explicitly to make Jenkins pipelines. 

The pipeline ought to be made in Jenkins record and the area can either be in SCM or neighborhood  framework. 

Definitive and Scripted Pipelines are developed in a general sense in an unexpected way. Explanatory  Pipeline is a later element of Jenkins Pipeline which: 

gives more extravagant linguistic highlights over Scripted Pipeline sentence structure, and is intended to  make composing and perusing Pipeline code simpler. 

Likewise with CI/CD arrangement should be incorporated , where each application in the association can be  worked by a solitary CI/CD server , so in association there might be various types of use like java, c#,.NET and  so forth, similarly as with microservices approach your programming stack is inexactly coupled for the  undertaking , so you can have Labeled in every hub and select the alternative Only assembled occupations  while mark coordinating this hub, so when a fabricate is booked with the name of the hub present in it, it sits  tight for next agent in that hub to be accessible, despite the fact that there are different agents in hubs. 

Blue Ocean re-examines the client experience of Jenkins. Planned starting from the earliest stage for Jenkins  Pipeline, yet at the same time good with free-form occupations, Blue Ocean lessens the mess and expands  clearness for each individual from the group. It gives a modern UI to recognize each phase of the pipeline and better pinpointing for issues and a rich Pipeline  proof-reader for fledglings. 

Callback modules empower adding new practices to Ansible when reacting to occasions. As a matter of  course, callback modules control the greater part of the yield you see when running the direction line  programs, yet can likewise be utilized to include an extra yield, coordinate with different instruments and  marshall the occasions to a capacity backend. So at whatever point a play is executed and after it delivers a  few occasions, those occasions are imprinted onto the Stdout screen, so the callback module can be put into any  capacity backend for log handling. Precedent callback modules are ansible-logstash, where each playbook execution is obtained by logstash in the  JSON position and can be incorporated in some other backend source like elasticsearch. 

As with scripting dialects, the fundamental shell scripting is utilized to assemble ventures in Jenkins pipelines  and python contents can be utilized with some other instruments like Ansible.

Devops is a culture created to address the necessities of lithe procedure, where the advancement rate is  quicker ,so sending should coordinate its speed and that needs activities group to arrange and work with 

dev group, where everything can computerize utilizing content based , however it feels more like tasks group  than , it gives chaotic association of any pipelines, more the utilization cases , more the contents should be  composed , so there are a few use cases, which will be sufficient to cover the requirements of light-footed  are taken and apparatuses are made by that and customization can occur over the device utilizing DSL to  mechanize the DevOps practice and Infra the board. 

Jenkins can be coordinated with various cloud suppliers for various use cases like dynamic Jenkins slaves,  Deploy to cloud conditions. 

A portion of the cloud can be incorporated are 

  • AWS 
  • Purplish blue 
  • Google Cloud 
  • OpenStack 

Docker volumes are the filesystem mount focuses made by client for a compartment or a volume can be  utilized by numerous holders, and there are distinctive sorts of volume mount accessible void dir, Post  mount, AWS upheld lbs volume, Azure volume, Google Cloud (or) even NFS, CIFS filesystems, so a volume  ought to be mounted to any of the outer drives to accomplish determined capacity, in light of the fact that a  lifetime of records inside compartment, is as yet the holder is available and if holder is erased, the  information would be lost. 

Any sort of Artifacts vault can be coordinated with Jenkins, utilizing either shell directions (or) devoted  modules, some of them are Nexus, Jfrog. 

Sonar module – can be utilized to incorporate testing of Code quality in your source code. Execution module  – this can be utilized to incorporate JMeter execution testing. 

Junit – to distribute unit test reports. 

Selenium module – can be utilized to incorporate selenium for computerization testing.

Fabricates can be run physically (or) either can naturally be activated by various sources like

Webhooks- The webhooks are API calls from SCM, at whatever point a code is submitted into a vault (or)  should be possible for explicit occasions into explicit branches. 

Gerrit code survey trigger-Gerrit is an open source code audit instrument, at whatever point a code change is  endorsed after the audit construct can be activated. 

Trigger Build Remotely – You can have remote contents in any machine (or) even AWS lambda capacities (or)  make a post demand to trigger forms in Jenkins. 

Calendar Jobs-Jobs can likewise be booked like Cron occupations. 

Survey SCM for changes – Where your Jenkins searches for any progressions in SCM for the given interim, if  there is a change, a manufacturer can be activated. 

Upstream and Downstream Jobs-Where a construct can be activated by another activity that is executed  already. 

Docker pictures can be form controlled utilizing Tags, where you can relegate the tag to any picture utilizing  docker tag <image-id> order. Furthermore, on the off chance that you are pushing any docker center library  without labeling the default label would be doled out which is most recent, regardless of whether a picture  

with the most recent is available, it indicates that picture without the tag and reassign that to the most  recent push picture. 

It adds Timestamp to each line to the comfort yield of the assembler. 

You can run an expand on ace in Jenkins , yet it isn’t prudent, in light of the fact that the ace as of now has  the duty of planning assembles and getting incorporate yields with JENKINS_HOME index, so on the off  chance that we run an expand on Jenkins ace, at that point it furthermore needs to manufacture  apparatuses, and workspace for source code, so it puts execution over-burden in the framework, if the  Jenkins ace accidents, it expands the downtime of your fabricate and discharge cycle. 

With a single team composed of cross-functional comments simply working in collaboration, DevOps  organizations contain products including maximum speed, functionality, and innovation. Where  continue special benefits: Continuous software control. Shorter complexity to manage. 

  • Gradle. Your DevOps device stack will need a reliable build tool. 
  • Git. Git is one from the most successful DevOps tools, widely applied across the specific software  industry. 
  • Jenkins. Jenkins is that go-to DevOps automation tool for many software community teams. • Bamboo. 
  • Docker. 
  • Kubernetes.
  • Puppet Enterprise. 
  • Ansible.

DevOps is a society which supports collaboration between Development including Operations Team to  deploy keys to increase faster in an automated & repeatable way. In innocent words, DevOps backside is  established as an association of development and IT operations including excellent communication and  collaboration. 

DevOps Engineer manages with developers including the IT system to manage the code releases. They are  both developers who become interested in deployment including practice settings or sysadmins who  convert a passion for scripting and coding to move toward the development front where all can improve  that planning from test and deployment. 

Discover the trending Top DevOps Tools including Git. Well, if you live considering DevOps being a tool  when, you are wrong! DevOps is not a tool or software, it’s an appreciation that you can adopt for  continuous growth. file and, by practicing it you can simply coordinate this work among your team. 

  • Commitment to the superior level in the organization. 
  • Need for silver to be delivered across the organization. 
  • Version check software. 
  • Automated tools to compliance to process. 
  • Automated Testing 
  • Automated Deployment 

To be involved in the end to end delivery method and the most important phase of helping to change the  manner so as to allow development and operations teams to go together also understand each other’s  point of view. 

In Software Engineering Software Configuration Management is a unique task about tracking to make the  setting configuration during the infrastructure with one change. It is done for deploying, configuring and  maintaining servers. 

As the application is generated and deployed, we do need to control its performance. Monitoring is also  really important because it might further uncover some defects which might not have been detected  earlier. 

From the above goal of Continuous Integration which is to take this application excuse to close users are  primarily providing continuous delivery. This backside is completed out of any adequate number about unit  testing and automation testing. Hence, we must validate that this system was created and integrated with all the  developers that work as required. 

Continuous Delivery means an extension of Constant Integration which primarily serves to make the features  which some developers continue developing out on some end users as soon as possible. 

During this process, it passes through several stages of QA, Staging etc., and before for delivery to the  PRODUCTION system. 

In this role, you’ll work collaboratively including software engineering to use and operate our systems. Help  automate and streamline our procedures and processes. Build also maintains tools for deployment,  monitoring, including operations. And troubleshoot and resolve problems in our dev, search and production  environments. 

DevOps Engineer goes including developers and IT staff to manage these code releases. They live both  developers who become involved through deployment including web services or sysadmins that become a  passion for scripting and coding more move into the development design where only can develop this  planning from search and deployment. 

A lead DevOps engineer can get between $137,000 including $180,000, according to April 2018 job data of  Glassdoor. The common salary from any lead DevOps engineer based at the Big Apple is $141,452. 

While tech abilities are a must, strong DevOps engineers further possess this ability to collaborate, multi-task, and also always place that customer first. critical skills that all DevOps engineer requirements for success. 

Implementing the new approach would take in many advantages on an organization. A seamless collection  up can be performed in the teams of developers, test managers, and operational executives also hence they  can work in collaboration including each other to achieve a greater output on a project. 

DevOps means an agile connection between development including operations. It means any process  followed by this development because of helping drivers clean up from the starting of this design to  production support. Understanding DevOps means incomplete excuse estimated DevOps lifecycle. 

Tools for an efficient DevOps workflow. A daily workflow based at DevOps thoughts allows team 

members to achieve content faster, be flexible just to both experiments and deliver value, also help each  part from this organization use a learning mentality.

DevOps is one about some key elements to assist you to achieve this. Can you do agile software evolution  without doing DevOps But managing agile software development and being agile are a couple really different  things. 

DevOps is all about bringing together the structure and process of traditional operations, so being supported  deployment, including any tools, also practices of traditional construction methods such as source control and  versioning. 

  • Improves the quality of software. 
  • Reduction in time taken to delivery 
  • Allows dev team to detect and locate problems early 
  • Maintain Code Repository 
  • Automate the build 
  • Perform daily checkin and commits to baseline 
  • Test in clone environment 
  • Keep the build fast 
  • Make it easy to get the newest deliverables

Yes, we can do that using one of the following ways 

  • We can copy the Jenkins jobs from one server to another server by copying the corresponding jobs  folder. 
  • We can make a copy of the existing job by making clone of a job directory with different names • Rename the existing job by renaming the directory 

We can copy or backup, we need to backup the JENKINS_HOME directory which contains the details of all the  job configurations, build details etc.

Poll SCM will trigger the build only if it detects the change in SCM, whereas Build Periodically will trigger the  build once the given time period has elapsed. 

Docker image is a readonly template that contains the instructions for a container to start. Docker container  is a runnable instance of a docker image 

It is a process of OS Level virtualization technique used to deploy the application without launching the  entire VM for each application where multiple isolated applications or services can access the same Host and  run on the same OS. 

docker build –f <filename> -t imagename:version 

 

docker run –dt –restart=always –p <hostport>:<containerport> -h <hostname> -v 

<host volume>:<container volume> imagename:version 

docker exec –it <containerID> /bin/bash 

Puppet is a Configuration Management tool, Puppet is used to automate administration tasks.

Configuration Management is the System engineering process. Configuration Management applied over the  life cycle of a system provides visibility and control of its performance, functional, and physical  attributes recording their status and in support of Change Management. 

  • Enforcement 
  • Cooperating Enablement 
  • Version Control Friendly 
  • Enable Change Control Processes 
  • CFEngine Configuration Tool. 
  • CHEF Configuration Tool 
  • Ansible Configuration Tool 
  • Puppet Configuration Tool. 
  • SALTSTACK Configuration Tool. 
  • It has good community support 
  • Easy to Learn Programming Language DSL 
  • It is open source 

SaltStack is based on Python programming & Scripting language. It’s also a configuration tool.Saltstack works  on a non-centralized model or a master-client setup model. It provides a push and SSH methods to  communicate with clients. 

There are Some Reasons to be chosen. 

  • Puppet is open source 
  • Easy to Learn Programming Language DSL 
  • Puppet has good community support 
  1. Multiple people can work on the same project and it helps us to keep track of the files and  documents and their changes. 
  2. We can merge the changes from multiple developers to a single stream. 
  3. Helps us to revert to the earlier version if the current version is broken. 
  4. Helps us to maintain multiple versions of the software at the same location without rewriting.

Below are the major advantages 

Technical: 

  1. Continuous software delivery 
  2. Less Complexity 
  3. Faster Resolution 

Business: 

  1. Faster delivery of the features 
  2. More stable operating environment 
  3. Improved communication and collaboration between various teams 
  1. Explain the legacy / old procedures that are followed to develop and deploy software 2. Problems of that approach 
  2. How can we solve the above issues using DevOps. 

For the 1st and 2nd points, development of the application, problems in build and deployment, problems in  operations, problems in debugging and fixing the issues 

For 3rd point, explain various technologies we can use to ease the deployments, for development, explain  about taking small features and development, how it helps for testing and issue fixing. 

Agile is the set of rules/principles and guidelines about how to develop a software. There are chances that  this developed software works only in the developer’s environment. But to release that software to public  consumption and deploy in a production environment, we will use the DevOps tools and Techniques for the  operation of that software. 

In a nutshell, Agile is the set of rules for the development of a software, but DevOps focus more on  Development as well as Operation of the Developed software in various environments. 

  • Non-relationals and schema-less data models 
  • Low latency and high performance 
  • Highly scalable 
  • Use of the agile and other development processes and methods. 
  • Demand for an increased rate of the production releases from application and business. • Wide availability of virtuals and cloud infrastructure from both internal and external providers; • Increased usage of the data center ,automation and configuration management tools; • Increased focus on the test automation and continuous integration methods; • Best practices on the critical issues. 

Chef is considered to be one of the preferred industry-wide CM tools. Facebook migrated its infrastructure and backend IT to the Chef platform, for example. Explain how the Chef helps you to avoid  delays by automating processes. The scripts are written in Ruby. It can integrate with cloud-based  platforms and configure new systems. It provides many libraries for the infrastructure development that can  later be deployed within a software. Thanks to its centralized management system, one of the Chef servers  is enough to be used as the center for deploying various policies. 

Talk about multiple software builds, releases, revisions, and versions for each other software or testware  that is being developed. Move on to explain the need for storing and maintaining data, keeping track of the  development builds and simplified troubleshooting. Don’t forget to mention key CM tools that can be  used to achieve these objectives. Talk about how tools like Puppet, Ansible, and Chef help in  automating software deployment and configuration on several servers. 

Vagrant used the virtual box as the hypervisor for virtual environments and in the current scenario it is also  supporting the KVM. Kernel-based Virtual Machine. 

Vagrant is a tool that can create and manage environments for the testing and developing software.  Devops Training Free Demo 

To fix the bug and implement new features quickly. It provides clarity of communications  among team members.

  • DevOps is a process 
  • Agile is the same as DevOps. 
  • Separate groups are framed. 
  • It is problem solving. 
  • Developers managing production 
  • DevOps is the development-driven release management 
  • Production Development 
  • Creation of the productions feedback and its development 
  • IT Operations development 
  • SSH is a Secure Shell which provides users with a secure, encrypted mechanism to log into systems  and transfer files. 
  • To log out the remote machine and worked on the command line. 
  • To secure the communications between two hosts over an insecure network.

Technical benefits 

  • Software delivery is continuous. 
  • Reduces Complexity in problems. 
  • Faster approach to resolve problems 
  • Manpower is reduced.
  • Business benefits 

    • High rate of delivering its features 
    • Stable operating environments 
    • More time gained to Add values. 
    • Enabling faster feature time to market 

The core operations of DevOps 

  • Application development 
  • Code developing 
  • Code coverage 
  • Unit testing 
  • Packaging 
  • Deployment With infrastructure 
  • Provisioning 
  • Configuration 
  • Orchestration 
  • Deployment 

A pattern is common usage usually followed. If a pattern of the commonly adopted by others does not work  for your organization and you continue to blindly follow it, you are essentially adopting an anti- pattern.  There are myths about DevOps. 

Some of them include 

  • DevOps is a process 
  • Agile equals DevOps 
  • We need a separate DevOps group 
  • Devops will solve all our problems 
  • DevOps means Developers Managing Production 
  • DevOps is Development-driven release management 
  • DevOps is not development driven. 
  • DevOps is not IT Operations driven. 
  • We can’t do DevOps – We’re Unique 
  • We can’t do DevOps – We’re got the wrong people

The most important thing that DevOps helps us achieve is to get the changes into production as quickly  as possible while minimizing risks in software quality assurance and compliance. This is the primary  objective of DevOps. 

For example clear communication and better working relationships between teams i.e. both of the Ops team  and Dev team collaborate together to deliver good quality software which in turn leads to higher customer  satisfaction. 

  • Backup System 
  • Recovery plans 
  • Load Balancing 
  • Monitoring 
  • Centralized logging 

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  • Given below is a generic logic of the flow where everything gets automated for seamless  delivery. However, its flow may vary from organization to the organization as per the requirement. 
  • Developers develop the code and this source code is managed by the Version Control System of the  tools like Git etc. 
  • Developers send this code of the Git repository and any changes made in the code is committed  to this Repository. 
  • Jenkins pulls this code from the repository using the Git plugin and builds it using tools like Ant or  Maven. 
  • Configuration managements tools like puppet deploy & provisions testing environment and then  Jenkins releases this code on the test to environment on which testing is done using tools like selenium. 
  • Once the code are tested, Jenkins sends it for the deployment on production to the server (even  production server are provisioned & maintained by tools like puppet). 
  • After deployment it is continuously monitored by tools like Nagios. 
  • Docker containers provide a testing environment to test the build features. 

The most popular DevOps tools are mentioned below 

  • Git Version Control System tool 
  • Jenkins Continuous Integration tool 
  • Selenium Continuous Testing tool 
  • Puppet, Chef, Ansible are Configuration Management and Deployment tools
  • Nagios Continuous Monitoring tool 
  • Docker Containerization tool 

Agile are the set of the values and principles about how to produce i.e. develop software. 

Example if you have some ideas and you want to turn those ideas into working software, you can use  the Agile values as principles as a way to do that. But, that software might only be working 

on a developer’s laptop or in a test environment. You want a way to quickly, easily and repeatedly move that  software into the production infrastructure, in a safe and simple way. To do that you need DevOps tools  and techniques. 

You can summarize by saying Agile software development methodology focuses on the development  of software but DevOps on the other hand is responsible for the development as well as deployment of the  software to the safest and most reliable way possible. Here’s a blog that will give you more  information on the evolutions of DevOps. 

According to me, this should start by explaining the general market trend. Instead of releasing big sets of  the features, companies are trying to see if small features can be transported to their customers through a  series of release trains. This has many advantages like quick feedback from the customers, better  quality of the software etc. which in turn leads to high customer satisfaction. 

To achieve this, companies are required to 

  • Increase deployment frequency 
  • Lower failure rate of new releases 
  • Shortened lead time between fixes 
  • Faster mean time to recovery of the event of new release crashing 

It’s the development practice that requires developers to integrate code into a shared repository several  times a day. Each check-in is then verified by an automated build, allowing teams to detect problems early. 

Below, I have mentioned some important are Plugins: 

  • Maven 2 project 
  • Amazon EC2 
  • HTML publisher 
  • Copy artifact 
  • Join 
  • Green Balls 

It’s the system that records changes to the file or set of the files over time so that you can recall specific  versions later. 

Revert files back to a previous state. Revert the entire project back to a previous state. Compare changes  over time. 

See who last modified something that might be causing a problem. Who introduced an issue and  when. 

Containers are lightweight virtualization, heavier than ‘chroot’ but lighter than ‘hypervisors’. They provide isolation among processes 

It is a development practice that requires developers to integrate code into the shared repository several  times a day. 

Pointer (PTR) record to use for the reverse DNS (Domain Name System) lookup. 

It is the process of executing on tests as part of the software delivery pipelines to obtain immediate feedback is the business of the risks associated with in the latest build. 

Automation testing or Test Automation is a process of automating that manual process to test the  application/system under test. 

Risk assessments, policy analysis, requirements traceability, advanced analysis, test optimisation, and  service virtualization 

Regression testing and functional testing 

It is a Configuration Management tool which is used to automate administration of the tasks.

The HTTP protocol works in a client and server model like most other protocols. A web browser using  which a request is initiated is called a client and a web server software which responds to that  request is called a server. World Wide Web Consortium of the Internet Engineering Task Force are two  importants spokes are the standardization of the HTTP protocol.

Two-factor authentication is the security process in which the user provides two means of identification from separate categories of credentials. 

adds the file changes to the staging area 

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Commits the changes to the HEAD (staging area) 

Sends the changes to the remote repository 

Switch branch or restore working files 

Creates a branch

Fetch the latest history from the remote server and updates the local repo 

Joins two or more branches together 

Fetch from and integrate with another repository or a local branch (git fetch + git merge)

Process of moving or combining a sequence of commits to a new base commit

To revert a commit that has already been published and made public 

Ans: clones the git repository and creates a working copy in the local machine

Roles 

The characters are a restructured entity of a play. Plays are on playbooks. 

A set of functions to accomplish the specific role. Maps between hosts and roles. Example: Common Winners. Example: site.yml, fooservers.yml, webservers.yml. 

By naturally collecting “facts” about the machines, these facts can be accessed in Playbooks and in  templates. To see a list of all the facts about a computer, you can run a “setup” block as an ad hoc activity:  Ansible -m system hostname 

It will print a dictionary of all the facts available for that particular host. 

Docax is a container technology that connects your application and all its functions into the form of  containers to ensure that you are running uninterrupted in any situation of your use. 

Tucker is the source of the dagger container. Or in other words, dagger pictures are used to create  containers. 

Dogger Container is a phenomenon of the film.

Of course, we !! The only difference between dynamic algorithms and DevObs is that the dynamic process is  implemented for the development section and activates both DevOps development and functionality. 

Data personality and copy Get high 

only one. A directory in the repository High disk usage and network performance Joint friendship Git can use any kind of projects. 

A kernel, the software that can easily change the hardware interfaces of your computer.

I accept this value 

  1. L) ls | grep -i docker Dockerfile docker.tar.gz 

ls | grep -v docker Desktop Dockerfile 

Documents Downloads 

You can not find anything with name docker.tar.gz 

This feature is generally used to give the server a replacement location. Let me tell you on the computer  below and I want to create 1GB swap space, 

dd if = / dev / zero = = / swapfile1 bs = 1G count = 1 

Pseudo is an application for Unix-and Linux-based systems that provide the ability to allow specific users to use specific system commands in the system’s root level. 

Jenkins pipeline (or simply “tube”) is an additional package that supports and activates continuous delivery  tubes in Jenkins.

Stop container: stop container container ID 

Reboot the Tucker Container now: Docker-container ID 

Docax is running on Linux and Cloud platforms only: Ubuntu 12.04 LTS + 

Fedora 20+ 

RHEL 6.5+ 

CentOS 6+ Gentoo ArchLinux openSUSE 12.3+ 

CRUX 3.0+ 

Cloud: Amazon EC2 

Google Compute Engine Microsoft Azure Rackspace 

Since support is not supported, do not work on Windows or Mac for token production, yes, even on windows  you can use it for testing purposes 

We usually use karfs and taxi bears to do taxi networking.

You would like to have a number of taxi containers, and at that time you need to create a file that creates  a docker container and type the command to make a taxi-up. It runs all containers mentioned in the docker compose file. 

Using scrime based on your complex software and product development task as small particles, it uses  reboots and additional procedures. Each replay is two weeks. Scrum has three characters: product owner,  scrum master and team

SSH is a secure shell that allows users to login to a secure, encrypted mechanism into computers and  transmitting files.Exit the remote machine and work on the command line. 

Protect encrypted communications between the two hosts on an unsafe network. 

Product development

Creating product feedback and its development IT Activities Development. 

DevOps is a process Like the active DevOps. 

A separate group is configured. This will solve the problem. 

Manufacturers manufacturing production 

DevOps is a development-driven output management

Agile: 

There is something about dynamic software development Devops: 

DevOps is about software deployment and management. 

DevOps does not replace the active or lean. By removing waste, by removing gloves and improving  regulations, it allows the production of rapid and continuous products. 

To correct the defect and immediately make innovative attributes. 

This is the accuracy of the coordination between the members of the group. 

Virtual virtual box has been used as a hypervisor for virtual environments and in the current scenario it  supports KVM. Kernel-based virtual machine 

Vegant is a tool for creating and managing the environment for making software and experiments. 

Unix: 

It belongs to the multitasking, multiuser operating system family. These are often used on web servers and  workstations. 

It was originally derived from AT & T Unix, which was started by the Bell Labs Research Center in the 1970s  by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and many others. 

Operating systems are both open source, but the comparison is relatively similar to Unix Linux. Linux: Linux may be familiar to each programming language. 

These personal computers are used. 

The Unix operating system is based on the kernel. 

Backup system Recovery plans Load balance Tracking Centralized record

Independent and schema-less data model Low latency and high performance 

Very scalable 

  1. Use of active and other developmental processes and methods. 
  2. An increased ratio of production output is required from use and business. 3. Virtual and Cloud Infrastructure Transfers from Internal and Outdoor Providers; 4. Increased use of data center, automation and configuration management tools; 5. Focusing on testing automation and serial coordination systems; 
  3. Best Practices in Important Problems 

Benefits: 

  1. ETL is very low 
  2. Support for structured text is provided 
  3. Changes in periods are handled 
  4. Key Objectives Function. 
  5. The ability to measure horizontally 
  6. Many data structures are provided. 
  7. Vendors may be selected. 

The best in system administration Virtualization experience 

Good technical skills Great script 

Good development skills 

Chef in the automation tool experience People management 

Customer service 

Real-time cloud movements 

Who’s worried about who 

The PNS (PTR) registration is used to turn on the search DNS (Domain Name System).

Your answer should be simple and straightforward. Start by explaining the growing importance of DevOps in  information technology. Considering that the efforts of the developments and activities to accelerate the 

delivery of software products should be integrated, the minimum failure rate. DevOps is a value-practical  procedure in which the design and performance engineers are able to capture the product level or service  life cycle across the design, from design and to the design level 

Before discussing the growing reputation of DevOps, discuss the current industry scenario. The big players  like Netflix and Facebook begin with some examples of how this business can help to develop and use  unwanted applications. Facebook’s continuous use and coding license models, and how to measure it, while  using Facebook to ensure the quality of the experience. Hundreds of lines are implemented without  affecting ranking, stability and security. Dipops Training Course 

Your next application must be Netflix. This streaming and on-the-video video company follows similar  procedures with complete automated processes and systems. Specify user base of these two companies:  Facebook has 2 billion users, Netflix provides online content for more than 100 million users worldwide.  Reduced lead time between the best examples of bugs, bug fixes, runtime and continuous supplies and the  overall reduction of human costs. 

The most popular DevOps tools include: 

Selenium Puppet Chef 

Git information Jenkins 

Ansible 

Tucker Tipps Online Training 

Define the control bar and talk about any changes to one or more files and store them in a centralized  repository. VCS Tools remembers previous versions and helps to: 

Make sure you do not go through changes over time. 

Turn on specific files or specific projects to the older version. Explore the problems or errors of a particular  change. 

Using VCS, developers provide flexibility to work simultaneously on a particular file, and all changes are  logically connected. 

As a DevOps Engineer, interview questions like this are very much expected. Start by explaining the clear  overlap between DevOps and Agile. Although the function of DevOps is always synonymous with dynamic  algorithms, there is a clear difference between the two. Agile theories are related to the soft product or  development of the software. On the other hand, DevOps is handled with development, ensuring quick  turnaround times, minimal errors and reliability by installing the software continuously. 

Talk about many software developments, releases, edits and versions for each software or testware.  Describe the need for data storage and maintenance, development of developments and tracking errors  easily. Do not forget to mention key CM tools that can be used to achieve these goals. Talk about how the 

tools, such as buffet, aseat, and chef are useful in automating software deployment and configuration on  multiple servers. 

Chef is considered one of the preferred professional CM Tools. Facebook has changed its infrastructure and  the Shef platform keeps track of IT, for example. Explain how the chef helps to avoid delays by automating  processes. The scripts are written in ruby. It can be integrated into cloud-based platforms and configures  new settings. It provides many libraries for infrastructure development, which will then be installed in software. Thanks to its centralized management system, a chef server is sufficient to use various policies as  the center of ordering. 

This is a good idea to talk about IAC as a concept, sometimes referred to as a programming program, where  the infrastructure is similar to any other code. The traditional approach to managing infrastructure is how to  take a back seat and how to handle manual structures, unusual tools and custom scripts 

Git information Jenkins Selenium Puppet 

Chef Ansible Nagios Laborer Monit 

El-Elistorsch, Lestastash, Gibbon Collectd / Collect 

Git Information (Gitwidia) 

DevOps Engineer’s major work roles Application Development Developing code 

Code coverage Unit testing 

Packaging 

Preparing with infrastructure Continuous integration Continuous test 

Continuous sorting Provisioning Configuration Orchestration Deployment 

Technical Advantages: 

Software delivery continues. Problems reduce austerity. 

Fast approach to solving problems Humans are falling. 

Business Benefits: 

The higher the rate for its features Fixed operating systems 

It took too long to add values. Run fast time for the market 

Learn more about DevOps benefits from this information blog.

SSH is a secure shell that allows users to login to a secure, encrypted mechanism into computers and  transmitting files. 

Exit the remote machine and work on the command line. 

Protect encrypted communications between the two hosts on an unsafe network. 

Product development 

Creating product feedback and its development IT Activities Development 

DevOps is a process Like the active DevOps. 

A separate group is configured. This will solve the problem. 

Manufacturers manufacturing production 

DevOps is a development-driven output management 

Agile: 

There is something about dynamic software development Devops: 

DevOps is about software deployment and management. 

DevOps does not replace the active or lean. By removing waste, by removing gloves and improving  regulations, it allows the production of rapid and continuous products. 

Correct the error and activate new features quickly. 

It provides clarity of clarity between the members of the group. 

Virtual box has been used as a hyper version for virtual environments and in the current scenario, it supports  KVM. Kernel-based virtual machine 

Vegant is a tool for creating and managing the environment for making software and experiments.

It is mainly used for information technology infrastructure to manage or use applications for remote  applications. We want to sort an app on the nodes of 100 by executing one command, then the animation is  actually in the picture, but you need to know or run some knowledge on the animated script.

Deployment Use Cases in Kubernetes are given below: 

Use Case 1- Create a Deployment: On the creation of deployment, Pods are created automatically by  ReplicaSet in the background. 

Use Case 2- Update Deployment: Creation of new ReplicaSet happens and now the deployment is updated.  Deployment revisions are updated through these new ReplicaSet. 

Use Case 3- Rollback Deployment: If the current deployment state is not steady, rollback of deployment  happens. But we can see the container images are updated. 

Use Case 4- Scale a Deployment: Based on the requirement, scaling up or scaling down can be performed on  each and every deployment. 

Use Case 5- Pause the Deployment: To apply various fixes, deployment can be paused and later resumed.

Unit Testing, Deployment, Code Building, Packaging, and Code coverage are the core operations of DevOps.

Any simple and user-friendly scripting language would suit a DevOps Engineer. For example, Python is  becoming popular while working on DevOps. 

 Perform a check on the following items: 

1.System Level Troubleshooting: You need to make checks on various factors like application server log file,  WebLogic logs, Web Server Log, Application Log file, HTTP to find if there are any issues in server receive or  response time for deliberateness. Check for any memory leakage of applications. 

2.Application Level Troubleshooting: Perform a check on Disk space, RAM and I/O read-write issues. 

3.Dependent Services Troubleshooting: Check if there are any issues on Network, Antivirus, Firewall, and  SMTP server response time. 

Follow the below steps to enable startup sound in Ubuntu: 

1.In Ubuntu, click on “Control Gear” and click on “Startup Applications”. 

2.Startup Application Preference window appears. To add an entry, click on “Add” 

3.Provide the information in the fields such as Command, Name, and Comment. Once the processes are  done, logout and login again. 

Below are the steps to create launchers on an Ubuntu Desktop:

In the Ubuntu system, press Alt+F2. 

Type “gnome-desktop-item-edit –create-new~/desktop”. You will get a GUI dialog box which will create a launcher on Ubuntu desktop. 

Nagios, Jenkins, Docker, Git, Puppet, Chef, and Selenium are some of the topmost DevOps Tools.

Below is the shell script to add two numbers 

With DevOps, you can deliver the features quickly, possible to add values as we have more time and create  firm operating environments. 

Below are some of the useful benefits of Git: 

1.As Git is one of the best-distributed version control systems, you will be able to track changes made to a  file. 

2.You can revert the changes whenever it is required 

3.Central cloud repository is available where the users can commit changes and share with others in the  team. 

To add one or more files to staging, use the command “git add <filename.> git add**”

When you need to send the modifications to the master branch, use the command “git push origin master”

Maven is a DevOps tool used for building Java applications which helps the developer with the entire process  of a software project. Using Maven, you can compile the course code, perform functionals and unit testing,  and upload packages to remote repositories. 

To install Maven in the Ubuntu system, use the command “sudo apt-get install maven” or “sudo apt-get install maven”. 

To confirm the installation of Maven, use the command “maven -version”. 

The below tables provides a very few differences between DevOps and Agil

  1. S.No 1. Parameters DevOpsAgile Purpose DevOps to manage the overall engineering process Agile to manage complex projects 
  2. Team Size A huge team is required to involve with the work and communicate with the A smaller team is well enough stakeholders to resolve the issues 
  3. Implementation DevOps mainly focus on collaboration and hence there are no frequently permitted  framework There are few frameworks in Agile which are safe and fray 
  4. Feedback Feedback is received from internal teamFeedback is received from customers 
  5. Automation DevOps has a primary goal as Automation. Agile do no focus on automation though it is  helpful 
  6. Tools used Chef, Puppet, AWS are some of the popular DevOps tools Kanboard, Jira, Bugzilla are  some of the popular Agile tools 

JFrog Artifactory is a binary repository manager which is useful to store the build process outcomes. JFrog  offers replication, high availability, disaster recovery, and scalability which works with many cloud storages. 

 Below is the script in Python for DevOps learners to find palindrome of a sequence

Below is an example for Fibonacci series: 

There are many packages in Python and NumPy- Numerical Python is one among them. This is useful for  scientific computing containing powerful n-dimensional array object. We can get tools from NumPy to  integrate C, C++ and so on. 

Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud, and Amazon Web Services are the top three cloud computing platforms in  DevOps.

Ansible is a very simple automation engine which is useful in automating tasks like configuration  management, intra-service orchestration, cloud provisioning, and application deployment. Ansible does not  use any additional custom security infrastructure or agents and hence this becomes very simple for  deployment. By connecting to nodes and pushing out Ansible modules (small programs), you can see the  working of Ansible. 

Below is an example of simple ansible-playbook: 

#Simple Ansible Playbook 

  • Run command1 on server1 
  • Run command2 on server2 
  • Run command3 on server3 
  • Run command4 on server4 
  • Restarting Server1 
  • Restarting Server2 
  • Restarting Server3 
  • Restarting Server4 

Below is an example of complex ansible-playbook: 

#Complex Ansible Playbook 

  • Deploy 50 VMs on Public Cloud 
  • Deploy 50 VMs on Private Cloud 
  • Provision Storage to all VMs 
  • Setup Monitoring Components 
  • Setup Cluster Configuration 
  • Install and Configure backup clients on VMs

Refer to the below sample YAML format: 

#Simple Ansible Playbook1.yml 

– 

name: Play 1 host: localhost 

tasks:

  • name: Execute command ‘date’ 

command: date 

  • name: Execute script on server 

script: mytest_script.sh 

  • name: install httpd service 

yum: 

name: httpd state: present 

  • name: Start web server 

service: 

name: httpd state: started 

An open source that automates the application deployment is called Docker. You can see the Docker  container running in both Windows and Linux systems. Docker technology is promoted to work  with vendors like cloud, windows, Linux and Microsoft. Containers are deployed by Docker at all layers of the  hybrid cloud.

Yes, it is possible to consider DevOps as Agile Methodology, still we have differences between these two.  Implementation of DevOps is possible on both development and operations section whereas Agile  methodology implementation is possible only on development section. 

Docker swarm and Kubernetes are the tools helpful for docker networking. 

If there are any changes or commits done in the central repository branch, Git pull command performs a pull  of those changes and update the local repository targeted branch. Git fetch is little similar to git pull but has  a slight difference. When using the git fetch command, all the new commits are pulled from the desired  branch and those get stored in the new branch of your local repository. You can make use of git merge once  git fetch is done to see the changes in your target branch. Once the merging is done between fetched branch  and target branch, the target branch gets updated. Just remember the equation “git merge + git fetch = git  pull”. 

To remove the stashed items, use the Git command “stash drop”. By default, it will eradicate the last added stash and also when a specific item is added as an argument, it will be removed. 

Task Branching, Feature branching and Release branching are the three branching strategies.

  1. Task Branching: Along with the task key composed in the branch name, each task is employed on its  own branch. 
  2. Feature branching: The whole change for a feature is placed inside a branch. Once the feature  branch is completely tested and evaluated using automated tests, a merge happens between the branch and  master. 
  3. Release branching: When the develop branch has acquired enough features for a release, it is  possible to clone that specific branch and form a release branch. Once the release branch is formed, we  cannot add any new features and the next release cycle starts. 

Jenkins, a continuous integration tool is an open source written in Java language. When we experience  changes, tracking the version control system, initiating and monitoring a build system are some of the  processes carried out by Jenkins. On successful tracking and monitoring, notifications and reports are provided  to alert the respective squad. 

Below is the best example of simple Jenkins pipeline: 

Let us have an example to create a simple WelcomeGuys application. 

  1. Open the Jenkins dashboard and click on “New Item”. 
  2. Now enter the item name, for example, WelcomeGuys. 
  • Select “Freestyle project” and click “Ok” 
  1. You will get a different screen where you need to enter a few more details of the job like project  name, description, Advanced project options, source code management, branches to build, and repository  browser. 
  2. Click “Save” to apply the changes made. 
  3. Click on Build Now option once the job details are saved. 
  4. When the build is scheduled, the build starts to run and the build history section indicates the  progress of the build. 

Perform the following checks when an application is not coming up: 

  1. Validate all the file logs 
  2. Check whether the web server is receiving the user’s request or not 
  3. Check the status of process id 
  4. Analyze the network connection 

The below image shows the task details performed by Puppet Slave and Puppet Master:

Both client node and master node must be accessible. Make sure you have internet access to both the nodes  so that you can install packages from puppet labs repositories. Better to disable the firewalls if enabled just  to avoid a few issues at the time of configurations. 

In windows, you can find in the location “%PROGRAMDATA%\PuppetLabs\code”. In Linux/Unix, you can find in the location “/etc/puppetlabs/code”. 

IaC stands for Infrastructure as Code. This indicates the automation of IT operations like building, deploying,  and managing with the help of code, instead of handling with manual process. Below is a diagrammatic  representation of IaC.

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